Effects of glyphosate and chlorpyrifos applied alone and in combination on indicator organisms in a small-scale ecosystem
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Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of applying glyphosate and chlorpyrifos alone or in combination on Octolasion cyaneum, Porcellio scaber, and Brassica napus. The experimental unit consisted of a PVC cylinder filled with 3 kg of soil into which 10 individuals of O. cyaneum, 8 of P. scaber and 10 seeds of B. napus were introduced. The treatments were: glyphosate alone (960, 4800 and 9600 g ha-1), chlorpyrifos alone (576, 2880 and 5760 g ha-1), and their combinations, following a completely randomized experimental design with six replications. The bioassay was performed in a chamber at 20 ± 2 °C, with a 14 h light: 10 h darkness photoperiod. At 28 days after application, the number of live O. cyaneum did not vary between treatments (p = 0.307). The highest percentages of damage to O. cyaneum were found with chlorpyrifos (p = 0.021). The proportion of O. cyaneum in the depth range only differed between 0-10 cm (p = 0.031). At 5, 7 and 28 days after application, the highest percentage of dead P. scaber was obtained with chlorpyrifos (p < 0.05), with values higher than 70%. Regarding B. napus, significant differences (p < 0.001) between treatments were found both in emergence percentage 7 days after sowing, and in total number of plants, plant height, fresh weight and dry weight percentages 28 days after sowing, the highest values obtained with chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, chlorpyrifos, alone or with glyphosate, caused lethal effects on P. scaber and sublethal effects on both O. cyaneum and B. napus.
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