Application of native phosphorus-solubilizing fungi in tomato under different doses of mineral fertilization
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Abstract
The sustainable agricultural model proposes reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and promoting alternatives that preserve soil health, produce nutritious food, and contribute to climate change mitigation. In this context, the use of beneficial microorganisms, such as phosphate-solubilizing fungi, is considered a biological strategy to improve nutrient availability, distinguishing itself from chemical fertilizers by its origin and mode of action. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inoculation with Penicillium sp. or Aspergillus sp. individually, and in combination with four doses of rock phosphate (100 %, 75 %, 50%, and 25 %) to improve tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. The fungal strains Penicillium sp. A56, Aspergillus sp. Mu42, and Penicillium sp. Mu73 were isolated from agricultural soils in the state of Coahuila. Plants without inoculation or fertilization with phosphate rock were used as controls. Four months after inoculation, the concentrations of P in leaves, root, and substrate were determined. Growth variables were also evaluated, including plant height, root length, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight, number of flowers, and clusters. The results indicated that the best response was obtained with 75% rock phosphate, followed by 50%, and finally 25% and 100%, which showed similar performance. Penicillium sp. Mu73+ 75 % rock phosphate (RP) presented, on average, 3.1 times more available phosphorus concentrations in the substrate, whereas Aspergillus sp. Mu42+ 50 % RP and Aspergillus sp. Mu42+ 75 % RP presented, on average, 6.2 and 8.1 times larger leaves and higher root phosphorus concentrations, respectively, than did the control and the treatments with different doses of rock phosphate. In addition to increasing the concentration of phosphorus, the fungi improved some of the growth variables of the tomato plants. On average, the height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight, number of flowers, and number of bunches increased by 27 %, 15 %, 62 %, 43 %, 5 %, and 20 % respectively, compared with those of both the control treatment and the plants treated with different doses of rock phosphate. Inoculation with these fungi, which solubilize phosphate from organic sources and act as plant growth promoters should be considered a viable option to reduce production costs associated with chemical fertilization and increase the nutritional status of crops to ensure food for future generations.
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